High levels of glucose in the blood can cause chemical changes to the vagus nerve. The most common cause of gastroparesis is diabetes mellitus type 1 or type 2. Since the vagus nerve is unable to send the necessary messages to ensure that the muscles in the stomach continue to work normally, food remains in the stomach for too long, leading to symptoms. It occurs when the pair of nerves that connects the brainstem to the gastrointestinal tract (vagus nerve) is damaged or not functioning properly. Gastroparesis is a motility disorder, which means there is no physical obstruction preventing timely digestion, but rather a problem with muscular activity regulation. However, in those with gastroparesis, the food does not move from the stomach into the intestine as quickly as it should (delayed gastric emptying). For the stomach, this is approximately two hours. Typically, the passage of food from one area of the digestive tract to the next is precisely coordinated, so that food stays in each area for just the right amount of time. Once the food reaches the esophagus, an automatic, rhythmic motion (peristalsis) takes over, propelling the contents all the way through the digestive tract. When we eat, we start by chewing and swallowing (ingesting), which requires conscious effort. To understand what goes wrong in gastroparesis, it is important to know how a healthy digestive tract functions. The term ‘gastro’ refers to the stomach, and ‘paresis’ means partial paralysis therefore, gastroparesis means partial paralysis of the stomach.
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